en: ar: Imam Abu Hanifa: Al-Fiqh al-Akbar

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en: ar: Imam Abu Hanifa: Al-Fiqh al-Akbar

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Al-Fiqh al-Akbar
by Imam Abu Hanifa (radiya Allah ´anhu)
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Re: en: ar: Imam Abu Hanifa: Al-Fiqh al-Akbar

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Al-Fiqh al-Akbar
by Imam Abu Hanifa (radiya Allah ´anhu)
Transl. Barabra v. Schlegell

In the Name of God the Compassionate, the Merciful

The root of the affirmation of God's unity, and that which is correct conviction, consists of this, that one says:

1. I believe in God, and His angels, and His books, and His messengers, and resurrection after death, and that the good and evil of destiny are from God Most High. I believe too in the accounting and the scales, hell and paradise. All the foregoing is reality.

2. God is One, not in a numerical sense, but in the sense that He has no partner – "Say: He is God, One; God the Eternally Subsistent and Besought; He begets not, nor was He begotten; and there is none like unto Him." He resembles nothing among His creation, nor does anything among His creation resemble Him. He has been, unceasing, and He is, unceasing, with His names and attributes, both those relating to His Essence and those relating to His acts. As for those relating to His Essence, they are life, power, knowledge, speech, hearing, sight, and will. As for those relating to His acts, they are creativity, sustenance, originating and fashioning ex nihilo, making, and other active attributes.

He has been, unceasing, and He is, unceasing, with His attributes and names; neither attribute nor name was created. He has always and unceasingly been a knower, by virtue of His knowledge, and His knowledge is a pre-eternal attribute. He has always and unceasingly been powerful, by virtue of His power, and His power is a pre-eternal attribute. He has always and unceasingly been speaking by virtue of His speech and His speech is a pre-eternal attribute. He has always and unceasingly been a creator, by virtue of His creativity, and His creativity is a pre-eternal attribute. He has always and unceasingly been an agent, by virtue of His activity, and His activity is a pre-eternal attribute; the object of His activity is creation, and His activity is uncreated. His attributes existed in pre-eternity, without being created or called into existence at a particular moment. Whoever says that they are created or summoned into existence at a particular moment, or is uncertain about the attributes and doubts them, is an unbeliever in God Almighty.

3. The Qur'an is the Word of God Almighty, written on collections of leaves (masahif), preserved in men's hearts, recited on men's tongues, and sent down to the Prophet, upon whom be God's peace and blessings. Our uttering of the Qur'an is created, and our recitation of the Qur'an is created, but the Qur'an itself is uncreated.

That which God Almighty mentions in the Qur'an as a narration from Moses and other of the prophets - peace and blessings be upon them - and also from the Pharaoh and Iblis, all of it is God's word, and constitutes a report concerning them. God's word is uncreated. It is the Qur'an which as the word of God Most High is uncreated, not their words, Moses, upon whom be peace, heard the Word of God Almighty, as God Almighty says: "God addressed Moses in speech." Thus God Almighty was the speaker, and Moses, upon whom be peace, did not speak. God Most High was a creator in pre-eternity, even without having brought creation into existence: "there is naught like unto Him; He is All-Hearing, All-Seeing." When God addressed Moses He did so with His word that was, like all of His attributes, an attribute existing from pre-eternity, unlike the attributes of created beings.

4. God knows, but not as we know; He has power, but not as we have power; He sees, but not as we see; He hears, but not as we hear; and He speaks, but not as we speak. We speak by means of the speech organs and sounds, whereas God Most High speaks with neither organs nor sounds. Sounds are created, and the word of God Most High is uncreated. He is a thing, but unlike other things; by saying "thing," we intend merely to affirm His reality. He has neither body nor substance, neither accidental property nor limit, neither opposite nor like nor similitude. He has a hand, a face, and a self (nafs); the mention that God most High has made of these in the Qur'an has the sense that these are among His attributes, and no question can be raised concerning their modality (bila kayf). It cannot be said that His hand represents His power or His bestowal of bounty, because such an interpretation would require a negation of an attribute. This is the path taken by the Qadarites and the Mu'tazilites (two theological sects in early Islam that deviated from the path of Ahl as-Sunna - trans.) Rather, His hand is an attribute, of unknowable modality, in the same way that His anger and pleasure are two attributes of unknowable modality God Most High created things out of nothing, and He had knowledge of them in pre-eternity, before their creation.

5. He it is Who determined and predestined all things. Nothing exists in this world or hereafter except by His will, His knowledge, His determining and predestining, and except it be written on the Preserved Tablet (al-Lauh al-Mahfuz). He inscribed everything there in the sense of description, not that of foreordaining. Determining, predestining and will are pre-eternal attributes of unknowable modality. God Most High knows the non-existent, while in its state of non-existence, to be non-existent, and He knows too how it will be when He brings it forth into being. God Most High knows the existent, while in its state of existence, to be existent, and He knows too how will be its evanescence. God knows the one who is standing, and when he sits then God knows him to be sitting, without any change being produced thereby in God's knowledge, or any new knowledge accruing to Him. For change and alteration occur only in created beings.

6. God Most High created creation free of both belief and unbelief, and then He addressed His creation with commands and prohibitions. Some men disbelieved through active denial and rejection of the truth by virtue of being abandoned by God Most High. Others believed through active assent and affirmation, by virtue of the succour of God Most High. He brought forth the progeny of Adam, upon whom be peace, from his loins in the form of particles, and appointed for them an intelligence. He then addressed them and commanded them unto belief and forbade them disbelief. They assented to His dominicality, this being a form of belief appropriate to them, and thus it is that they are born in the possession of a primordial nature disposed to belief.

Whoever disbelieves thereafter is therefore changing and altering that primordial nature, and whoever believes and assents is conforming and strengthening it. None of His creation has been constrained either to disbelieve or to believe; God created men not as believers or non-believers, but rather as persons. Belief and disbelief are acts of God's worshippers. God Most High knows the unbeliever, in his state of unbelief, to be an unbeliever, and if he thereafter becomes a believer, then God knows him to be a believer in a state of belief, without any change occurring thereby in His knowledge or attributes.

All deeds of God's servants, both of commission and omission, are in truth acquired by them; God Most High is their creator. All of them take place by His will, knowledge, determining and predestining. Obligatory acts of obedience and worship take place by the command, love, satisfaction, knowledge, will, determining and predestining of God Most High, and all facts of sinful rebellion take place by His knowledge, determining, and predestining and will, but not by His love, satisfaction and command.

7. The Prophets, peace and blessings be upon them, are free of all sins, major and minor, of unbelief, and of all that is repugnant. It may be, however, that they commit insignificant lapses and errors. Muhammad the Messenger of God – may God's peace and blessings be upon him! – is His Prophet, His Bondsman, His Messenger and His Chosen One. He never worshipped idols, he never assigned partner to God, even for an instant, and he never committed a sin, major or minor.

8. The most virtuous of all men after the Messenger of God, -- may God's peace and blessings be upon him! – are Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, may God be pleased with him; then 'Umar ibn al-Khattab; then 'Uthman ibn 'Affan; then 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, may they all enjoy the pleasure of God Most High. They were all steadfast in the truth, with the truth, and we proclaim our allegiance to all of them. We make only good mention of all of the Companions of the Messenger of God, may God's peace and blessings be upon him!

9. We do not proclaim any Muslim an unbeliever on account of any sin, however great, unless it be that he regards his sin as permissible. Nor does he forfeit the name of belief; we continue to call him a believer in essence. It is possible to be a sinful believer without being an unbeliever.

The wiping of the feet when covered, by way of ablution, is a sunna (under conditions specified by the fuqaha). Tarawih prayer in the month of Ramadan is similarly a sunna. It is permissible to pray behind any believer, pious or sinful. We say neither that sins do not harm the believer, nor that they cause him to remain indefinitely in hell, even if he leaves the world in a state of sin.

10. We do not say, like Murji’ites (an early theological school - trans.), that our good deeds are accepted by God, and our evil deeds forgiven by Him. Rather we say that the matter is to be clarified and expounded as follows: whoever performs a good deed in accordance with all requisite conditions, free of all corrupting deficiencies and nullifying concerns, and does not then cancel his deed with unbelief or apostasy at any time before his death, God Almighty will not cause his deed to be wasted; rather He will accept it and bestow reward for it. As for evil deeds – other than the assigning of partners to God and unbelief – for which the believer does not offer repentance before his death, the will of God Almighty may elect either to chastise their author or to forgive him, without chastising him in Hellfire. Hypocrisy and arrogance in any deed annul its reward.

11. Miraculous signs (mu’jizat) bestowed on the Prophets are established as true, and so too ennobling wonders (karamat) made manifest through the saints (auliya). As for apparently miraculous and wondrous deeds performed by God’s enemies, like Iblis, the Pharaoh and the Dajjal, whatever is mentioned in tradition as having been performed by them in future, is neither miraculous nor wondrous. Rather it is a question of their needs being fulfilled by God Most High; this he does in order to lead them toward destruction and to chastise them, but they are deceived. They increase in rebelliousness and unbelief. All of the foregoing is possible and contingent on God’s will.

12. God Most High was a Creator before He created, and a Provider before He bestowed provision. God Most High will be seen in the Hereafter, visible to the believers in Paradise with their corporeal vision. This we say without any implication of anthropomorphism, or any notion of quality or quantity, for there is not a fixed distance between Him and His creation (to permit any comparison).

13. Belief means assent and affirmation. There is no increase of decrease with respect to the content of belief, whether for angels or men, but only with respect to degrees of certainty and affirmation. The believers are equal in what they believe and in their assertion of the divine unity, but enjoy differing degrees of excellence with respect to their deeds.

Islam is surrender and submission to the commands of God Most High. There is a lexical distinction between belief (iman) and Islam, but there is no belief without Islam, and Islam cannot be conceived of without belief. They are like the outer and inner aspect of a thing (that is inseparable). Religion (din) is a name applied to both belief and Islam, and indeed to all divine codes.

We know God as it is fitting for us to know Him through His description of himself in His Book, with all His attributes; but none is able to worship God Most High as He deserves to be worshipped and as is fitting for Him. Rather man worships God Most High in accordance with His Command, as promulgated in His Book and the Sunna of His Messenger. Although believers are equal insofar as they believe, they differ with respect to knowledge, certainty, reliance, love satisfaction, fear, hope.

14. God Most High is both generous and just toward His bondsmen, bestowing on them in his liberality a reward far in excess of what they deserve. He requites them for their sins because of His justice, and forgives them because of His generosity. The intercession of the Prophets, upon whom be blessings and peace, is a reality, and in particular that of our Prophet – peace and blessings be upon him! – for sinful believers and for those who have committed major sins and are deserving of requital is a firmly established reality. The weighing of deeds in the balance on the Day of Resurrection is similarly a reality; the pool of the Prophet, upon whom be peace and blessings, is a reality; retribution among enemies on the Day of Resurrection through the redistribution of good deeds is a reality. If they have no good deeds, then the burden of evil deeds is redistributed; this too is a reality.

Paradise and Hell are created and existing today, and shall never vanish. The houris shall never vanish, and the requital exacted by God Almighty and the reward bestowed by Him shall never cease.

God Most High guides whomsoever he wills out of His generosity, and he leads astray whomsoever He wills out of His justice. God’s leading man astray consists of His abandoning him, and the meaning of God’s abandoning man is not impelling him to do that which is pleasing to Him. All this is determined by His justice.

It is not permissible for us to say: "Satan steals belief from man with violence and coercion." Rather we say: "Man himself abandons belief, and when he has abandoned it, then Satan snatches it from him."

The interrogation by Munkir and Nakir is a reality; the return of the spirit to the body in the tomb is a reality; the pressing in upon man of the tomb is a reality; God’s punishment of all unbelievers and some Muslims is a reality.

All of the attributes of God Most High – may His name be glorified and his attributes be exalted! – may be mentioned by the ‘ulama in languages other than Arabic (here Persian in particular is mentioned, but the meaning is any non-Arabic tongue - trans.), with the exception of yad (hand). Thus we may say "the face of God," may He be exalted and glorified, without any implication of anthropomorphism or of a particular modality.

Closeness to God Most High and remoteness from Him do not refer to any spatial distance, great or small, nor do they refer to the nobility or humility or man in His sight. Rather the one obedient to Him is close to him, in indefinable fashion. Closeness, remoteness [or] approaching all, in fact refer to God’s action towards man (i.e., it is not man who in the strict sense defines relation to God; it is rather God who determines that relation). Proximity to God in Paradise and standing before Him are similarly realities of indefinable modality.

The Qur’an was sent down to His Messenger, upon whom be blessings and peace, and it is that which is now inscribed on collections of leaves. The verses of the Qur’an, insofar as they are all the Word of God, are equal in excellence and magnificence; some, however, enjoy a special excellence by virtue of what they mention, or the fashion in which they mention it. The Throne Verse, for example, enjoys excellence on both counts: what it mentions – splendour, magnificence and other attributes of God – and the way in which it mentions it. Other verses have no excellence on account of what they mention – for example, those containing narratives of unbelievers – but only on account of the way in which they mention it. Similarly, all the names and attributes are equal in their magnificence and excellence; there is no difference among them.

If someone experiences difficulty with the subtleties of the science of divine unity, it is incumbent upon him to believe (without further investigation) what is correct in the sight of God Most High until he finds a scholar to consult. He should not delay in seeking such a scholar, for hesitation and suspension of judgment may result in unbelief.

The narration of the Mi'raj (by the Prophet, upon him be peace and blessings) is true, and whoever rejects it is misguided and an innovator.

The emergence of the Dajjal and of Gog and Magog is a reality; the rising of the sun in the West is a reality; the descent of Jesus (‘Isa), upon whom be peace, from the heavens is a reality; and all the other signs of the Day of Resurrection, as contained in authentic traditions, are also established reality.

And God guides to his Path whomsoever He wills.

--------------------------------

(Translated from the text published in Hama, 1392/1972.
All phrases between round brackets were added by the translator.)
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Re: en: ar: Imam Abu Hanifa: كتاب الفقه الأكبر

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كتاب الفقه الأكبر
http://www.sunna.info/Lessons/islam_303.html

الحمدُ للهِ والصلاةُ والسلامُ على رسولِ اللهِ وبعد.

قالَ أبو حنيفةَ رضيَ اللهُ عنهُ في كتاب الفقه الأكبر:

أصلُ التوحيدِ وما يصحُ الاعتقادُ عليهِ يجبُ أنْ يقولَ: ءامنتُ بالله، وملائكته، وكتبِه، ورسُله، والبعثِ بعدَ الموتِ والقدرِ خيرِهِ وشرِّهِ منَ اللهِ تعالى، والحسابِ، والميزانِ، والجنةِ، والنارِ، وذلكَ حقٌ كُلُّهُ. واللهُ تعالى واحدٌ لا مِنْ طريقِ العددِ، ولكنْ من طريقِ أنهُ لا شريكَ لهُ، لم يَلدْ ولم يُولدْ، ولم يكنْ لهُ كفُواً أحَد. لا يُشبِهُ شيئاً مِنَ الأشياءِ مِنْ خَلقه، ولا يشبهه شىءٌ مِن خلقِهِ، لم يزلْ ولا يزالُ بأسمائه وصفاته الذاتية والفِعليّة.

أما الذاتيةُ: فالحياة والقدرة والعلم والكلام والسمع والبصر والإرادة.

وأما الفعليةُ: فالتخليقُ والترزيقُ والإنشاءُ والإبداعُ والصنعُ، وغيرُ ذلكَ من صفاتِ الفعلِ. لم يزلْ ولا يزالُ بصفاتِهِ، وأسماؤُهُ صفةٌ لهُ، لم يحدُثْ لهُ صفةٌ ولا اسمٌ. لم يزلْ عالماً بعلمِهِ، والعلمُ صفتُهُ في الأزلِ. قادراً بقدرتِهِ، والقدرةُ صفةٌ لهُ في الأزَلِ. وخالِقاً بتخليقِهِ، والتخليقُ صفةٌ لهُ في الأزلِ. وفاعلاً بفعلِهِ، والفعلُ صفةٌ لهُ في الأزلِ، والفاعلُ هوَ اللهُ تعالى، والفعلُ صفتُهُ في الأزلِ، والمفعولُ مخلوقٌ، وفعلُ اللهِ تعالى غيرُ مخلوقٍ[1]، وصفاتُهُ في الأزلِ غيرُ محدثةٍ ولا مخلوقةٍ، فمن قالَ إنها مخلوقةٌ أو محدثةٌ أو وقفَ أو شكَ فيها فهوَ كافرٌ باللهِ[2]. و القرآنُ كلامُ اللهِ تعالى في المصاحِفِ مكتوبٌ، وفي القلوبِ محفوظٌ، وعلى الألسُنِ مقروءٌ، وعلى النبيِّ عليهِ الصلاةُ والسلامُ مُنـزَّلٌ، ولفظُنا بالقرءانِ مخلوقٌ، وكتابتُنا لهُ مخلوقةٌ، وقراءتُنا لهُ مخلوقةٌ، والقرءانُ غيرُ مخلوقٍ[3] . وما ذكرَهُ اللهُ في القرءانِ حكايةً عن موسى وغيرِهِ منَ الأنبياءِ، وعن فِرْعَوْنَ وإبليسَ، فإنَّ ذلك كلَه كلامُ اللهِ تعالى إخباراً عنهم، وكلامُ اللهِ تعالى غيرُ مخلوقٍ وكلامُ موسى وغيرِهِ منَ المخلوقينَ مخلوقٌ، والقرءانُ كلامُ اللهِ تعالى فهوَ قديمٌ، لا كلامُهُم. وسمِعَ موسى كلامَ اللهِ تعالى:{ وكلَّمَ اللهُ موسى تكليماً} [4]وقدْ كانَ اللهُ تعالى متكلماً، ولم يكنْ كلمَ موسى، وقدْ كانَ اللهُ تعالى خالقاً في الأزلِ ولم يخلقْ الخلقَ { ليسَ كمثلِهِ شىءٌ وهوَ السميعُ البصيرُ} [5] فلما كلمَ اللهُ موسى، كلمَهُ بكلامِهِ الذي هوَ لهُ صفةٌ في الأزلِ، وصفاتُهُ كلُها بخلافِ صفاتِ المخلوقينَ، يعلمُ لا كعلمِنا، يَقْدِرُ لا كقدرَتِنا، يَرَى لا كرؤيَتِنا، يتكلمُ لا ككلامِنا، ويسمعُ لا كسمعِنا. نحنُ نتكلمُ بالآلاتِ والحروفِ، واللهُ تعالى يتكلمُ بلا حروفٍ ولا آلةٍ. والحروفُ مخلوقةٌ، وكلامُ اللهِ تعالى غيرُ مخلوقٍ، وهو شىءٌ لا كالأشياءِ[6]، ومعنى الشىءِ إثباتُهُ بلا جسمٍ ولا جوهرٍ ولا عَرَضٍ، ولا حدَّ لهُ، ولا ضدَّ لهُ، ولا ندَّ له، ولا مِثلَ لهُ. ولهُ يدٌ ووجهٌ ونفسٌ كما ذكرَهُ اللهُ تعالى في القرءانِ، فما ذكرَهُ اللهُ تعالى في القرءانِ، منْ ذكرِ الوجهِ واليدِ والنفسِ فهو لهُ صفةٌ بلا كيفٍ، ولا يقالُ إنّ يدَهُ قدرتُهُ أو نعمتُهُ، لأنَّ فيهِ إبطالُ الصفةِ، وهوَ قولُ أهلِ القَدَرِ والإعتزالِ، ولكنْ يدُهُ صفتُهُ بلا كيفٍ، وغضبُهُ ورضاهُ صفتانِ من صفاتِهِ بلا كيفٍ. خلقَ اللهُ تعالى الأشياءَ لا منْ شىءٍ[7] . وكانَ اللهُ تعالى عالماً في الأزَلِ بالأشياءِ قبلَ كونِـها، وهوَ الذي قدّرَ الأشياءَ وقضاها، ولا يكونُ في الدنيا ولا في الآخرةِ شىءٌ إلا بمشيئتِهِ وعلمِهِ وقضائِهِ[8] وقدرِهِ[9] وكتْبِهِ في اللوحِ المحفوظِ ولكنْ كتبُهُ بالوصفِ لا بالحكمِ. والقضاءُ والقدرُ والمشيئةُ صفاتُهُ في الأزلِ بلا كيفٍ، يعلمُ اللهُ تعالى المعدومَ في حالِ عدمِهِ معدوماً، ويعلمُ أنهُ كيفَ يكونُ إذا أوجدَهُ، ويعلمُ اللهُ تعالى الموجودَ في حالِ وجودِهِ موجوداً، ويعلمُ أنهُ كيفَ يكونُ فناؤُهُ، ويعلمُ اللهُ تعالى القائمَ في حالِ قيامِهِ قائماً، وإذا قَعَدَ عَلِمَهُ قاعداً في حالِ قعودِهِ منْ غيرِ أنْ يتغيرَ علمُهُ، أو يحدُثَ لهُ علمٌ، ولكنّ التغيُرُ واختلافَ الأحوالِ يحدثُ في المخلوقينَ.

خلقَ الخَلْقَ سليماً منَ الكفرِ والإيمانِ[10]، ثمَّ خاطبَهُم وأمرهُم ونهاهُم، فكفرَ منْ كفَرَ بفعلِهِ وإنكارِهِ وجحودِهِ الحقَّ بخِذلانِ اللهِ تعالى إياهُ، وءامنَ منْ ءامنَ بفعلِهِ وإقرارِهِ وتصديقِهِ بتوفيقِ اللهِ تعالى إياهُ ونصرتِهِ لهُ. أخرجَ ذريةَ ءادمَ عليهِ السلامُ من صُلبِهِ على صُوَرِ الذَّرِ، فجعَلَ لهم عقلاً[11]. فخاطبَهُم وأمرَهُم بالإيمانِ ونهاهُم عن الكفرِ فقالَ:{ ألستُ بربِكُم}؟ فأقروا لهُ بالربوبيةِ فكانَ ذلكَ منهُم إيماناً، فهُم يولدونَ على تلكَ الفطرةِ[12]، ومنْ كفرَ بعدَ ذلكَ فقدْ بدّلَ وغيّرَ، ومَنْ ءامنَ وصدّقَ فقدْ ثبتَ عليهِ وداومَ. ولم يُجبِرْ أحداً من خلقِهِ على الكفرِ ولا على الإيمانِ. ولا خلقَهُم مؤمناً ولا كافراً، ولكنْ خلقَهُم أشخاصاً[13]، والإيمانُ والكفرُ فعلُ العبادِ، يعلمُ اللهُ تعالى مَنْ يكفرْ في حالِ كفرِهِ كافراً فإذا ءامنَ بعدَ ذلكَ علمَهُ مؤمناً في حالِ إيمانِهِ[14]، من غيرِ أنْ يتغيرَ علمُهُ وصفتُهُ. وجميعُ أفعالِ العبادِ منَ الحركةِ والسكونِ كسبُهُم على الحقيقةِ، واللهُ تعالى خالقُها، وهيَ كلُها بمشيئتِهِ وعلمِهِ وقضائِهِ وقَدَرِهِ. والطاعاتُ كلُها ما كانتْ واجبةً بأمرِ اللهِ تعالى وبمحبتهِ وبِرِضائهِ وعلمِهِ ومشيئتِهِ وقضائِهِ وتقديرهِ، والمعاصي كلُّها بعلمِهِ وقضائِهِ وتقديرِهِ ومشيئتِهِ لا بمحبتِهِ ولا برضائِهِ ولا بأمرِهِ. والأنبياءُ عليهِمُ الصلاةُ والسلامُ كلُّهُم منـزّهونَ عن الصغائِرِ والكبائِرِ والكفرِ والقبائِحِ [15] وقدْ كانتْ منهُم زلاتٌ وخطيئاتٌ، ومحمدٌ رسولُ اللهِ صلى اللهُ عليهِ وعلى ءالهِ وسلمَ، نبيُّهُ وعبدُهُ ورسولُهُ وصفيُهُ، ولم يعبدِ الصنمَ، ولم يشركْ باللهِ طرفةَ عينٍ قطّ، وأفضلُ الناسِ بعدَ رسولِ اللهِ صلى اللهُ تعالى عليهِ وعلى ءالهِ وسلمَ: أبو بكرٍ الصديقُ رضيَ اللهُ عنهُ، ثم عمرُ بنُ الخطابِ ثمَّ عثمانُ بنُ عفانَ ثم عليُّ بنُ أبي طالبٍ، رضوانُ اللهِ تعالى عليهِم أجمعين. غابرينَ على الحقِّ، ومعَ الحقِّ، كما كانوا نتولاهُم جميعاً. و لا نذكرُ الصحابةُ ( في نسخة الكوثري: ولا نذكرُ أحداً من أصحابِ رسولِ اللهِ إلا بخير)، ولا نكفرُ مسلماً بذنبٍ منَ الذنوبِ[16] وإنْ كانتْ كبيرةً إذا لم يستحِلَّهَا، ولا نزيلُ عنهُ اسمَ الإيمانِ ونسمِّيهِ مؤمناً حقيقةً، ويجوزُ أنْ يكونَ مؤمناً فاسقاً غيرَ كافرٍ.

والمسحُ على الخفينِ سنةٌ، والتراويحُ في شهرِ رمضانَ سنةٌ[17]. والصلاةُ خَلفَ كلِّ بَرٍ وفاجِرٍ من المؤمنينَ جائزةٌ. ولا نقولُ إنَّ المؤمنَ لا تضُرُهُ الذنوبُ. وإنهُ لا يدخلُ النارَ، ولا إنهُ يخلدُ فيها وإنْ كانَ فاسقاً بعدَ أنْ يخرجَ منَ الدنيا مؤمناً، ولا نقولُ إنَّ حسناتِنا مقبولةٌ، وسيئاتِنا مغفورةٌ كقولِ المُرجِئَةِ ولكنْ نقولُ المسئلَةُ مُبَيَّنَةٌ مفصّلَةٌ: منْ عَمِلَ حسنةً بشرائِطِها خاليةً عنِ العيوبِ المفسِدَةِ والمعاني المبطِلَةِ، ولم يبطِلْها حتى خرجَ منَ الدُّنيا، فإنَّ اللهَ تعالى لا يُضَيِّعُها بلْ يقبَلُها منهُ ويثيبُهُ عليها. وما كانَ منَ السيئاتِ دونَ الشركِ والكفرِ ولمْ يتبْ عنها حتى ماتَ مؤمناً فإنّهُ في مشيئةِ اللهِ تعالى إنْ شاءَ عذَّبَهُ، وإنْ شاءَ عفا عنهُ ولم يعذِّبْهُ بالنارِ أبداً. والرياءُ إذا وَقَعَ في عملٍ منَ الأعمالِ فإنّهُ يُبْطِلُ أجرَهُ، وكذا العُجْبُ. والآياتُ للأنبياءِ والكراماتُ للأولياءِ حقٌ. وأما التي تكونُ لأعدائِهِ مثلِ إبليسَ وفِرْعَوْنَ والدجالِ مما رويَ في الأخبارِ أنهُ كانَ لهم فلا نسمّيها ءاياتٍ ولا كراماتٍ، ولكنْ نسمِّيها قَضاءَ حاجاتٍ لهم، وذلكَ لأنَّ اللهَ تعالى يقضِي حاجاتِ أعدائِهِ استدراجاً وعقوبَةً لهم، ويزدادونَ عصياناً أو كفراً، وذلكَ كلُّهُ جائِزٌ وممكِنٌ. وكانَ اللهُ خالقاً قبلَ أنْ يَخْلُقَ، ورازقاً قبلَ أنْ يَرزُقَ. واللهُ تعالى يُرَى في الآخرَةِ، ويَراهُ المؤمنونَ وهُم في الجنةِ بأعينِ رؤوسِهِم[18] بلا تشبيهٍ ولا كيْفِيَّةٍ ولا جهة[19] ولا يكونُ بينَهُ وبينَ خَلقِهِ مسافَةٌ.

والإيمانُ هوَ الإقرارُ والتصديقُ. وإيمانُ أهلِ السماءِ والأرضِ لا يزيدُ ولا ينقُصُ[20]والمؤمنونَ مستوونَ في الإيمانِ[21] والتوحيدِ متفاضلونَ في الأعمالِ. والإسلامُ هو التسليمُ والانقيادُ لأوامِرِ اللهِ تعالى ففي طريقِ اللغةِ فرقٌ بينَ الإيمانِ والإسلامِ ولكنْ لا يكونُ إيمانٌ بلا إسلامٍ، ولا إسلامٌ بلا إيمانٍ[22]، فهما كالظهرِ معَ البطنِ. والدينُ اسمٌ واقعٌ على الإيمانِ والإسلامِ والشرائعِ كُلِّها. نعرفُ اللهَ تعالى حقَّ معرفتِهِ[23] كما وصفَ نفسَهُ وليس يَقْدِرُ أحدٌ أنْ يعبدَ اللهَ تعالى حقَّ عبادتِهِ كما هوَ أهلٌ له. لكنّهُ يعبدُهُ بأمرِهِ كما أمَرَ. ويستوي المؤمنونَ كلُّهُمْ في المعرفةِ واليقينِ والتوكلِ والمحبةِ والرضاء والخوفِ والرجاءِ والإيمانِ[24]، ويتفاوتونَ فيما دونَ الإيمانِ في ذلكَ كلهِ. واللهُ تعالى متفضلٌ على عبادِهِ، عادلٌ، قدْ يُعطِي منَ الثوابِ أضعافَ ما يستوجِبُهُ العبدُ تفضلاً منهُ، وقدْ يُعاقِبُ على الذنبِ عدلاً منهُ، وقدْ يَعفو فضلاً منهُ. وشفاعةُ الأنبياءِ عليهمُ الصلاةُ والسلامُ حقٌ، وشفاعَةُ نبينا صلى اللهُ تعالى عليهِ وعلى ءالهِ وسلمَ للمؤمنينَ المذنبينَ ولأهلِ الكبائرِ منهُم المستوجبينَ للعقابِ حقٌ ثابتٌ. ووزنُ الأعمالِ بالميزانِ يومَ القيامةِ حقٌ، والقِصاصُ فيما بينَ الخصومِ يومَ القيامةِ فإنْ لم يكنْ لهم الحسناتُ، طَرْحُ السيئاتِ عليهِم جائزٌ وحقٌ، وحوضُ النبيِّ صلى اللهُ تعالى عليهِ وسلمَ حقٌ، والجنةُ والنارُ مخلوقتانِ اليومَ لا تفنيانِ أبدًا، واللهُ تعالى يهدِي منْ يشاءُ فضلاً منهُ، ويُضِلُّ منْ يشاءُ عدلاً منهُ، وإضلالُهُ خِذلانُهُ، وتفسيرُ الخِذلانِ: أنْ لا يوَفِّقَ العبدَ إلى ما يرضاهُ منْهُ، وهوَ عدلٌ منهُ، وكذا عقوبةُ المخذولِ على المعصيةِ. ولا نقولُ: إنَّ الشيطانَ يسلُبُ الإيمانَ مِنْ عبدِهِ المؤمنِ قهراً وجبراً، ولكنْ نقولُ: العبدُ يدَعُ الإيمانَ فإذا ترَكَهُ فحينئذٍ يسلبُهُ منهُ الشيطانُ. وسؤالُ منكرٍ ونكيرٍ في القبرِ حقٌ، وإعادَةُ الروحِ إلى العبدِ في قبرِهِ حقٌ. وضغطةُ القبرِ حقٌ (( للكفارِ ولبعضِ أهلِ الكبائِرِ منَ المسلمينَ )). وعذابُهُ (( أي في القبرِ )) حقٌ كائنٌ للكفارِ كلِهِم ولبعضِ (( أهلِ الكبائِرِ منْ عصاةِ )) المسلمينَ. وكلُّ ما ذكرَهُ العلماءُ بالفارسيَةِ منْ صفاتِ اللهِ تعالى عزتْ أسماؤُهُ وتعالتْ صفاتُهُ فجائزٌ القولُ بهِ، سوَى اليدِ بالفارِسِيّةِ[25] ، ويجوزُ أنْ يقالَ ( بُرُوْى خُدَا ) بلا تشبيهٍ ولا كيفيةٍ. وليسَ قربُ اللهِ تعالى ولا بُعدُهُ منْ طريقِ طولِ المسافةِ وقِصَرِها ولا ( في نسخة الكوثري ولكن) على معنى الكرامةِ والهوانِ، ولكنْ المطيعُ قريبٌ منهُ بلا كيفٍ، والعاصي بعيدٌ عنهُ بلا كيفٍ. والقُربُ والبُعدُ والإقبالُ يقعُ على المنَاجي. وكذلكَ جِوارُهُ في الجنةِ، والوُقوفُ بينَ يَدَيهِ بلا كيفٍ[26] . والقرءانُ منَـزَّلٌ على رسولِ اللهِ وهو في المُصْحَفِ مكتوبٌ، وءاياتُ القرءانِ كلُّهَا في معنى الكلامِ مستويةٌ في الفضيلَةِ والعظَمَةِ. إلا أنَّ لبعضِهَا فضيلَةُ الذكرِ وفضيلَةُ المذكورِ مثلُ ءايةِ الكُرسي. لأنَّ المذكورَ فيها جلالُ اللهِ وعظمتُهُ وصِفَتُهُ، فاجتمعتْ فيها فضيلَتانِ: فضيلةُ الذكرِ، وفضيلَةُ المذكورِ، وفي صفَةِ الكفارِ فضيلَةُ الذِّكرِ فحَسبُ، وليسَ في المذكورِ وهُمُ الكفارُ فضيلةٌ. وكذلكَ الأسماءُ والصفاتُ كُلُّها مستويةٌ في الفضيلةِ والعظمةِ لا تفاوُتَ بينَهُما. ورسولُ اللهُ صلى اللهُ تعالى عليهِ وسلمَ ماتَ على الإيمانِ، وأبو طالِبٍ عمُّهُ وأبو عليٍ ماتَ كافِراً، وقاسمٌ وطاهِرٌ وإبراهيمُ كانوا بَنِي رسولِ اللهِ صلى اللهُ تعالى عليهِ وعلى ءالهِ وسلمَ، وفاطِمَةُ وزيْنَبُ ورُقَيَّةُ وأمُّ كُلثومَ كُنَّ جميعاً بناتِ رسولِ اللهِ صلى اللهُ تعالى عليهِ وعلى ءالهِ وسلمَ ورضيَ عَنْهُنَّ. وإذا أشكلَ على الإنسانِ شىءٌ مِنْ دقَاِئِق علمِ التوحيدِ فينبغِي لهُ أنْ يعتَقِدَ في الحالِ ما هوَ الصوابُ عندَ اللهِ تعالى، إلى أنْ يجِدَ عالماً فيسألُهُ، ولا يسعُهُ تأخيرُ الطَلَبِ، ولا يُعْذَرُ بالوقفِ فيهِ، ويَكفُرُ إنْ وَقَفَ[27]. وخَبَرُ المعراجِ حقٌ[28]، فمنْ ردَّهُ فهوَ ضالٌ مبتدِعٌ. وخروجُ الدجالِ، يأجوجَ ومأجوجَ، وطلوعُ الشمسِ منْ مغرِبِها، ونزولُ عيسى عليهِ السلامُ منَ السماءِ، وسائِرِ علامَاتِ يومِ القيامَةِ على ما وَرَدَتْ بهِ الأخبارُ الصحيحةُ حقٌ كائِنٌ، واللهُ يَهدي مَنْ يشاءُ إلى صِراطٍ مُستقيمٍ.

انتهى كتاب الفقه الأكبر للإمام أبي حنيفة رضيَ اللهُ عنْهُ.
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